.::!! Biography of Shaykh al-Hadith, Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi !!::.

In the last century, India has undoubtedly become an important center for the study of hadith, and the scholars of India have become well-known for their passion for religious knowledge.

Upon them ended the era of leadership in teaching hadiths, codification of the special fields [funun] of hadith, and commentary upon its texts [mutun]. Such was their mastery of this science that Muhammad Rashid Rida mentions in the introduction of his book Miftah Kunuz al-Sunnah, “Were it not for the superb attention to detail in the science of hadith displayed by our brothers, the scholars of India in the present era, this science would have withered away in the eastern cities. And, indeed, mastery of this science has been waning in Egypt and Syria since the tenth century AH.” There is no doubt that Shaykh Muhammad Zakariyya was among the most distinguished hadith scholars of India and a great contributor in the service of the Sunnah. He was given the honorary title of Shaykh al-Hadith, or “Great Scholar of Hadith,” by his teacher, Shaykh Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri, who recognized his deep insight, clear-sightedness, and extensive knowledge of hadith and related sciences.

Lineage and Upbringing

He was born in the village of Kandhla (in Uttar Pradesh, India) on Ramadan 10, 1315 AH (February 12, 1898 CE). His full name was Muhammad Zakariyya ibn Muhammad Yahya ibn Muhammad Ismail, and his lineage continues all the way back to Abu Bakr, the great Companion of the Messenger (SallAllahu alaihi Wasallam).

Shaykh Abu al-Hasan Nadwi said about him, “Shaykh Muhammad Zakariyya was born into a household rooted in knowledge and passion for Islam. His immediate family and his predecessors were distinguished by firm resolve, perseverance, steadfastness, and adherence to religion…. His family included many notable scholars… and his grandmother memorized the entire Qur’an while nursing her son [Shaykh Zakariyya’s father].”

His father, Shaykh Muhammad Yahya, was among the great scholars of India, whose primary teacher in hadith was Shaykh Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. Under him he studied Sahih al-Bukhari, Jami al-Tirmidhi, and others of the six famous authentic books of hadith [sihah sitta]. Shaykh Yahya went on to teach at Madrasa Mazahir Ulum, in the district of Saharanpur, but did not accept any payment for his services. He instead made his living through his own book-publishing business.

As a young boy, Shaykh Zakariyya moved with his father to the village of Gangoh, in the district of Saharanpur. Since his father and Shaykh Gangohi had a close relationship, Shaykh Zakariyya quickly earned the affection of his father’s teacher.

Growing up in this virtuous environment, he began learning how to read with Hakim Abd al-Rahman of Muzaffarnagar. He memorized the Qur’an with his father and also studied books in Persian and the introductory Arabic books with his uncle Shaykh Muhammad Ilyas (founder of the Tabligh movement). He stayed with his father in the company of Shaykh Gangohi until age eight, when the shaykh passed away.

At the age of twelve, Shaykh Zakariyya traveled with his father to Mazahir Ulum, There, under his father, he advanced his study of Arabic, tackling many classical texts on Arabic morphology, grammar, literature and also logic. But by the time he was seventeen, hadith became the main focus of his life. He studied five of the six authentic books of hadith with his father, and then he studied Sahih al-Bukhari and Sunan al-Tirmidhi (for a second time) with honorable Shaykh Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri. Out of his immense respect for hadith, Shaykh Zakariyya was extremely particular about always studying the hadith narrations with wudu’.

On Dhu ‘l-Qa’da 10, 1334 AH, when Shaykh Zakariyya was just nineteen, his dear father passed away. This event was extremely traumatic for Shaykh Zakariyya, as he lost not only a father but also a teacher and mentor. His deep sorrow remained with him for the rest of his life.

Teachers

Shaykh Zakariyya was blessed to live and learn in an era considered by many to be one of great achievements in Islamic knowledge by scholars in the Indian subcontinent. He studied with few but select teachers who reached the highest levels of learning, research, authorship, and piety. In addition to his father (Shaykh Muhammad Yahya) and uncle (Shaykh Muhammad Ilyas), he studied under the hadith scholar Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri, author of the Badhl al-Majhud, a commentary of Sunan Abi Dawud. Shaykh Zakariyya acquired a hadith authorization from him and remained his student until Shaykh Khalil’s death in Madina Munawwara in 1346 AH.

Before his death, Shaykh Khalil Ahmad expressed his desire to write Badhl al-Majhud, and he sought Shaykh Zakariyya’s assistance as his right-hand man. This experience revealed Shaykh Zakariyya’s gift of penmanship and, furthermore, expanded his insight in the science of hadith. He worked hard on the project, attained the pleasure and trust of his shaykh, and was even mentioned by name in the commentary. This indeed opened the door to Shaykh Zakariyya’s authoring many literary works and treatises over the course of his life.

Teaching Career

In Muharram 1335 AH he was appointed as a teacher at Madrasa Mazahir Ulum, where he was assigned to teach books on Arabic grammar, morphology, and literature, as well as a number of primary texts of Islamic jurisprudence. In 1341 AH he was assigned to teach three sections of Sahih al-Bukhari upon the insistence of Shaykh Khalil Ahmad. He also taught Mishkat al-Masabih until 1344 AH. Shaykh Abu al-Hasan Nadwi said, “Although he was one of the youngest teachers at the school, he was selected to teach works generally not assigned to those of his age, nor to anyone in the early stages of his teaching career. Nevertheless, he showed that he was not only able, but an exceptional teacher.”

In 1345 AH he traveled to Madina Munawwara, the city of Allah’s Messenger, where he resided for one year. There he taught Sunan Abi Dawud at Madrasa al-Ulum al-Shar’iyya. While in Madina, he began working on Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta Imam Malik, a commentary on Imam Malik’s Muwatta. He was twenty-nine at the time.

When he returned to India, he resumed teaching at Mazahir Ulum. He began teaching Sunan Abi Dawud, Sunan al-Nasai, the Muwatta of Imam Muhammad, and the second half of Sahih al-Bukhari. The school’s principle taught the first half of Sahih al-Bukhari, and after his death, Shaykh Zakariyya was given the honor of teaching the entire work.

In all, he taught the first half of Sahih al-Bukhari twenty-five times, the complete Sahih al-Bukhari sixteen times, and Sunan Abi Dawud thirty times. He did not just teach hadith as a matter of routine; the work of hadith had become his passion, and he put his heart and soul into it. Shaykh Zakariyya taught until 1388 AH, when he was forced to give up teaching after developing eye cataracts.

Travels to the Two Holy Cities

Allah blessed him with the opportunity to visit the two holy cities of Makka and Madina. He performed hajj several times, and his multiple trips had a profound personal effect on him, both spiritually and educationally. He made the blessed journey with Shaykh Khalil Ahmad in 1338 AH and with him again in 1344. It was during the second trip that Shaykh Khalil completed Badhl al-Majhud; he died shortly thereafter and was buried in the Baqi’ graveyard in Madina. May Allah have mercy on him and put light in his grave.

Sincere Love for Allah and the Prophet

Shaykh Muhammad Zakariyya inherited piety, honesty, and good character from his father (may Allah be pleased with him). He aspired to follow the Qur’an and Sunnah in all matters, big and small, with a passion not found in many scholars. He had extreme love for the Prophet and the blessed city of Madina. His students have related that whenever the death of the Messenger was mentioned during a lecture on Sunan Abi Dawud or Sahih al-Bukhari, his eyes would well up with tears, his voice would choke up, and he would be overcome with crying. So evocative were his tears that his students could do nothing but weep with raised voices.

He was often tested with regard to his sincerity. He was offered many teaching jobs at two or three times the salary that was customarily given at Mazahir ‘Ulum, but he always graciously declined the offers. For most of his teaching career, Shaykh Zakariyya never accepted any money for his services at Mazahir ‘Ulum; he did the work voluntarily, seeking Allah’s pleasure. Although he did accept a small salary at the beginning of his career, he later totaled up the amount and paid it back in its entirety.

Household

Shaykh Muhammad Zakariyya was married twice. He first married the daughter of Shaykh Ra’uf al-Hasan in Kandhla. She passed away on Dhu ‘l-Hijja 5 1355 AH. He then married the daughter of Shaykh Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi in 1356 AH. Allah blessed him with five daughters and three sons from his first wife, and two daughters and one son from his second marriage.

Daily Routine

Shaykh Zakariyya organized his time meticulously. He would rise an hour before dawn and occupy himself in tahajjud and recitation of Qur’an before performing the Fajr prayer in the masjid. After Fajr, he would read his morning supplications and litany until sunrise.

Thereafter he would go to meet with some people and drink tea (but never ate anything with it). He would then return to his quarters to read. During this time he would also research and compile his literary works, and, with few exceptions, no one was allowed to visit him at this time. When it was time for lunch he would come out and sit with his guests, who were from all walks of life; he would respect and treat them well, irrespective of who they were. After Zuhr prayer, he would take a siesta and then spent some time listening to his correspondence (which amounted to around forty or fifty letters daily from different places) and dictating replies. He also taught for two hour before ‘Asr. After ‘Asr, he would sit with a large group of people, offering them tea. After performing Maghrib, he would remain devoted in solitude to optional prayer and to supplication. He did not take an evening meal except to entertain an important guest.

Personality

Shaykh Abu ‘l-Hasan ‘Ali Nadwi says about his characteristics, “He was extremely vibrant,never lazy; light-hearted, smiling, cheerful, friendly; and he often jested with his close friends and acquaintances. We saw in him good character and forbearance with people, as well as a rare humility; and above all, his personal qualities were always governed by his deep faith and sense of contentment.”



Death

He had always hoped to meet Allah while in the city of the Messenger (SallAllahu alaihi Wasallam); Allah granted his wish. He died there on Monday Sha’ban 1, 1402 AH (May 24, 1982 CE) and was buried in Jannat al-Baqi’, in the company of the Companions and the noble family members of the Messenger (SallAllahu alaihi Wasallam). His funeral procession was followed by a large number of people and he was buried in the Baqi’ graveyard next to his teacher Shaykh Khaliq Ahmad Saharanpuri. May Allah forgive him, grant mercy, and elevate his status. Amin.

Scholars’ Praise of Him

Many scholars, both Arab and non-Arab, have praised him and recognized his knowledge and excellence. ‘Allama Muhammad Yusuf Binnori relates, Indeed there are some remnants of the scholars of past generations living today among the scholars of today’s generation. They have been guided to praiseworthy efforts in multiple religious sciences, such as jurisprudence; they are on par with the previous generations in their knowledge, excellence, fear of Allah, and piety; they stir up memories of the blessed golden age of scholarship. Among these scholars is a unique figure envied for his excellence in knowledge and action, the author of outstanding, beneficial works and of beautiful, superb commentaries: Shaykh Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi Saharanpuri.

Shaykh Sa’id Ahmad, the head of Islamic studies at the University of Aligarh, UP, relates, It is evident to one who take a look at his works that he had a brilliancy, both in knowledge and with the pen, like that of Ibn al-Jawzi and Imam Ghazali. Of the scholars of his era I know of no one comparable to him in this regard, except Imam ‘Abd al-Hayy al-Farangi Mahalli (of Lucknow).

Shaykh Abu ‘l-Hasan ‘Ali Nadwi relates that Shaykh ‘Alawi al-Maliki said, When he reports the ruling and evidences of the Maliki school [in his writings], we Malikis are astonished at the accuracy and integrity of the report…. If the author had not mentioned in the introduction of [his] book that he was a Hanafi, I would not have known that he was

Hanafi, but would have definitely concluded that he was a Maliki, since in his Awjaz he cites by-laws and derivatives of the Maliki school from there books that even we have a hard time obtaining.

Students

Shaykh Zakariyya had numerous students who spread around the world and continue, to this day, to serve Islam, particularly establishing traditional Islamic schools in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, England, Canada, America, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and other countries. Some of his more prominent students in the field of hadith were Muhaddith Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi (d. 1384 AH), author of Amani ‘l-Ahbar Sharh Ma’ani ‘l-Athar, Shaykh ‘Abd al-Jabbar A’zami, author of Imdad al-Bari (Urdu commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari), and Mufti Mahmud Hasan Gangohi (d. 1417 AH). Many other scholars and students also acquired authorizations in hadith from him, including Dr. Mustafa’ al-Siba’i, Shaykh ‘Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda, Dr. Muhammad ‘Alawi al-Maliki and Shaykh Muhammad Taha al-Barakati.

Written Works

Shaykh Zakariyya wrote many works both in Arabic and Urdu. A number of them treat specialized subjects intended for scholars, and the rest have been written for the general public. His works demonstrate his deep knowledge and intelligence; his ability to understand the issue at hand, research it thoroughly, and present a complete, clear and comprehensive discussion; his moderation, humility, patience, and attention to detail. His respect and awe for the pious predecessors are evident in his works, even when he disagrees with their opinions on any particular aspect.

His first written work was a three volume commentary of the Alfiyya ibn Malik (on Arabic grammar), which he wrote as a student when he was only thirteen. His written works amount to over one hundred. He did not withhold any rights to his works and made it publicly known that he only published his works for the sake of Allah’s pleasure. Whoever wished to publish them was permitted to, on the condition that they were left unaltered and their accuracy maintained.

Hence, his books have gained overwhelming acceptance throughout the world, so much so that his work Fada’il al-Qur’an [Virtues of the Qur'an] has been translated into eleven languages, Fada’il Ramadan [Virtues of Ramadan] into twelve languages, and Fada’il al-Salat [Virtues of Prayer] into fifteen languages. He wrote four books on Qur’an commentary [tafsir] and proper recitation [tajwid], forty-four books on hadith and its related sciences, six books on jurisprudence [fiqh] and its related sciences, twenty-four historical and biographical books, four books on Islam creed [aqida], twelve books on abstinence [zuhd] and heartsoftening accounts [riqaq], three books in Arabic grammar and logic, and six books on modern-day groups and movements.

Some of His Hadith Works

One can find a complete list and description of his books in the various biographies written on him. Here is a brief description of a few of his more popular works on hadith:

Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta’ Imam Malik: One of the most comprehensive commentaries on the Muwatta of Imam Malik in terms of the science of hadith, jurisprudence, and hadith explication. Shaykh Zakariyya provides the summaries of many other commentaries in a clear, intellectual, and scholarly way, dealing with the various opinions on each issue, mentioning the differences of opinions among the various scholars, and comparing their evidences. This commentary, written in Arabic, has won great acclaim from a number of Maliki scholars.

Lami’ al-Dirari ‘ala Jami’ al-Bukhari: Written in Arabic, a collection of the unique remarks and observations on Sahih al-Bukhari presented by Shaykh Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. These lifelong acquired wisdoms were recorded by his student Shaykh Yahya Kandhlawi (Shaykh Zakariyya’s father) during their lessons. Shaykh Zakariyya edited, arranged, and commented on his father’s compilation, clarifying the text and adding a comprehensive introduction at the beginning.

Al-Abwab wa ‘l-Tarajim li ‘l-Bukhari: An explanation of the chapter headings of Imam Bukhari’s Sahih al-Bukhari. Assigning chapter headings in a hadith collection is a science in itself, known among the scholars as al-abwab wa ‘l-tarajim [chapters and explanations]. In it, the compiler explains the reasons for the chapter heading and the connections between the chapter headings and the hadiths quoted therein. It is well known that the commentators of Sahih al-Bukhari have paid special attention to the titles therein, in tune with the Arabic saying: “The fiqh of Bukhari is in his chapter headings” [fiqh al-Bukhari fi tarajimihi]. Shaykh Zakariyya not only quotes and compiles what has been mentioned by other scholars like Shah Wali Allah al-Dehlawi and Ibn Hajar al-’Asqalani, but also correlates and clarifies these opinions and presents findings from his own research in many instances.

Juz’ Hajjat al-Wida’ wa ‘Umrat al-Nabi : A comprehensive Arabic commentary on the detailed accounts of the pilgrimage [hajj] of Allah’s Messenger. It includes the details of any juridical discussions on the various aspects of pilgrimage, giving the locations, modern-day names, and other details of the places the Messenger of Allah passed by or stayed at.

ATTACHMENT OF THIS WORLD

Being attached to this world is surely not good,

Always longing for more and better,

Trying to live up to the rich in the neighbourhood,

Unable to see that all the things you have don't matter.


We.re so sad when we lose the things that we own,

Forgetting that they were given to us on loan,

We spend money and time on the things of this world,

Heedless to the lessons that are constantly being told.



Our houses are becoming bigger and higher,

And we still we cannot fulfil our desire,

The expensive cars we drive must have all the latest features,

And we neglect to consider what lessons this teaches.



Our love for this world goes unsurpassed,

And we refuse to learn from people of the past,

We behave like this earth is our final abode,

As we shop and we spend according to the latest mode.



It's time we realize that our worldly love,

Keeps us from loving the One above,

It holds us and binds us and it keeps us behind,

And so we remain blind,

Completely unable to find,

The greatest love, of which there is no other Kind!

The Best Ummah

Allah سبحانه وتعالى says in the Holy Qur’an:

كُنتُمْ خَيْرَ أُمَّةٍ أُخْرِجَتْ لِلنَّاسِ تَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَتَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ وَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللّهِ

“You are the best ummah singled out for mankind: you enjoin what is right (ma’roof), forbid what is wrong (munkar), and believe in Allah.” 1

Allah سبحانه وتعال could have created us at any time in history and as part of any nation. Yet He سبحانه وتعال out of his infinite mercy created us as part of the best and most honoured nation ever to inhabit the earth. We are also the last and final ummah until the Day of Judgment.

The Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم said, “You are the final of seventy nations, you are the best and most honoured among them to Allah.” 2

Our ummah has been given blessings that no other ummah before us has been given.

The Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم said, “I was given what no other Prophet before me was given.” We said, “O Messenger of Allah! What is it” He said, “I was given victory by fear, I was given the keys of the earth, I was called Ahmad, the earth was made a clean place for me (to pray and perform Tayammum with it) and my Ummah was made the best Ummah.” 3

Our beloved Messenger صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم gave us the glad tidings that the Muslim ummah would be a large part of the inhabitants of Paradise.

Abdullah bin Mas’ud said, “The Messenger of Allah said to us, “Does it please you that you will be one-fourth of the people of Paradise?” We said, Allahu Akbar!' He added, “Does it please you that you will be one-third of the people of Paradise. We said, Allahu Akbar!' He said, “I hope that you will be half of the people of Paradise.” 4

The Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم said: “The people of Paradise are one hundred and twenty rows, this Ummah takes up eighty of them.” 5

Our ummah was given salams from the Friend of the Most Merciful (Khaleel ur-Rahmaan) and Father of the Prophets, Ibraheem (alaihi salam) on the night of the ‘isra. Ibraheem (alaihi salam) gave our ummah some valuable advice on how to increase our share of trees in Paradise as blessing for us.

The Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم said: “I met Ibraheem on the night that I was taken on the Night Journey, and he said: ‘O Muhammad, tell your ummah that Paradise is a land whose soil is good and its water is sweet. It is an empty plain, which will be planted with Subhaan Allah, Al-Hamdu lillah, La ilaha illa-Allah and Allahu akbar.’” 6

One of the distinctions between our ummah and previous nations is our strict obedience to Allah سبحانه وتعال and His Messenger صلى الله عليه وآله وسلم. During the Battle of Badr when the Muslims were informed that Quraysh were amassing a huge, well equipped army against them, Al-Miqdad bin ‘Amr got up and said:

“O Messenger of Allah! Proceed where Allah directs you to, for we are with you. We will not say as the Children of Israel said to Musa (as): ‘Go you and your Lord and fight and we will stay here.’ Rather we shall say: ‘Go you and your Lord and fight and we will fight along with you.’ By Allah! If you were to take us to Bark Al-Ghimad, we will still fight resolutely with you against its defenders until you gained it.” 7

The reason we were made the best ummah is stated in the ayah:

كُنتُمْ خَيْرَ أُمَّةٍ أُخْرِجَتْ لِلنَّاسِ تَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَتَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنكَرِ وَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللّهِ

“You are the best ummah singled out for mankind: you enjoin what is right (ma’roof), forbid what is wrong (munkar), and believe in Allah.” 8

Qatadah said, “We were told that Umar bin Al-Khattab recited this Ayah [3:110] during a Hajj that he performed, when he saw that the people were rushing. He then said, ‘Whoever likes to be among this [praised] Ummah, let him fulfil the condition that Allah set in this Ayah.’” 9

Enjoining ma’roof and forbidding munkar

Islam consists of ma’roofat (pl. of ma’roof) which Allah سبحانه وتعال has ordered us to establish, and munkaraat which He سبحانه وتعال ordered us to abstain from and remove. The head and the highest ma’roof is the belief in Allah سبحانه وتعال and the rest of the pillars of the Islamic ‘Aqeedah.

The head of the munkaraat (pl. of munkar) and its most evil manifestation is kufr in all its forms. Allah سبحانه وتعال ordered that people must avoid the munkar, deter others from it and warn others of falling into its snare.

Today, we witness the implementation of kufr systems and laws in our countries. Munkaraat are widespread in the Muslim world with our lands occupied, the daily spilling of Muslim blood, stealing of our wealth and widespread corruption headed by the puppet regimes ruling our lands. Many of the Islamic obligations are also neglected such as ruling by Islam, jihad, implementation of the penal code (hudud) and carrying da’wah to the world.

In this reality the obligation of enjoining ma’roof and forbidding munkar is a vital issue for the ummah that requires the utmost seriousness and sacrifice. Allah سبحانه وتعال has ordered not just individuals to undertake this obligation but also groups and the Khaleefah of the Muslims. In the absence of the Khaleefah the groups must work to appoint him so that he can practically enjoin the mar’oof and forbid the munkar on society.

This Ramadan we must contemplate on the huge blessing Allah سبحانه وتعال has bestowed upon us by making us part of the best ummah ever created. As Umar bin Al-Khattab said we must fulfil the condition for being the best ummah i.e. that we enjoin the mar’oof and forbid the munkar.

However, knowledge precedes action. So before we can enjoin the mar’oof and forbid the munkar we must gain knowledge on the ma’roofat and munkaraat so we can implement them on ourselves first. We must fulfil all the Islamic obligations and abstain from all the Islamic prohibitions. Once we have this knowledge we can call others to abide by the ma’roof and abstain from the munkar. The most important part of this work today is working to establish the Khilafah that is responsible for implementing all the ma’roofat and preventing all the munkaraat on society.

For this reason we strongly advise all the Muslims to download the book The Da’wah to Islam and The Method to Re-establish the Islamic State by Sheikh Ahmad Mahmoud and study it during this blessed month of Ramadan. We advise all the Muslims to gain knowledge on this vital issue and major Islamic obligation so we can fulfil our duty to Allah سبحانه وتعال and attain His pleasure and the reward of Paradise that He سبحانه وتعال has promised to the believers. Neglecting this obligation of working to re-establish the Khilafah is a major sin for which Allah سبحانه وتعال can punish severely in Hellfire.


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References

1. Translated Meaning of the Qur’an. Surah al-Imran, ayah 110

2. Ahmad, At-Tirmidhi, Ibn Majah, and Al-Hakim recorded that Hakim bin Mu`awiyah bin Haydah narrated that his father said that the Messenger of Allah said.

3. Imam Ahmad recorded that `Ali bin Abi Talib said.

4. Imam Ahmad recorded the same Hadith with another chain of narration, and this Hadith meets the criteria of Muslim in his Sahih. In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that `Abdullah bin Mas`ud said.

5. Imam Ahmad recorded from Buraydah from the Prophet (saw)

6. Tirmidhi, hasan isnad on authority of Ibn Masood.

7. Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar), p. 97

8. Translated Meaning of the Qur’an. Surah al-Imran, ayah 110

9. Ibn Jarir recorded this. Tafseer Ibn Kathir.

Umar ibn al Khattab among the most influential people in history

"Michael H. Hart wrote a book entitled "THE 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History" in 1978. Several other authors have written similar books but this still remains a distinguished book in it's category. The book is thought provoking and encourages the reader to see history from different perspectives"



He chose Prophet Muhammad to lead the list of the world's most influential persons which was surprising to many people. He said he chose Muhammad because he was the only person in the history who was supremely successful on both the religious and secular levels. Michael Hart went on to count the traits and qualities of Prophet Muhammad and his overall impact on human history and arrived at the conclusion that Prophet Muhammad should be the number one person in the filed of 100 influential persons in human history.

Another surprise to many people was Michael Hart's choice of Umar Ibn Al-Khattab among the 100 influential persons, whom he not only included among these 100 persons but also put him as number two on the second half (51 to 100) of his choice. Umar Ibn Al-Khattab is 52nd on the list. He ranked him higher than such famous men as Charlemagne and Julius Caesar. He further says that Umar's brilliant leadership was responsible for the expansion of the Islamic territory and the enormous extent that it did occur under him. He further says that Umar Ibn Al-Khattab ordered the Muslim armies to leave the natives of the conquered land in peace and ordered the military personnel not to force the natives to convert to Islam.

In the parenthesis Michael put his note, "From the above, it is clear that the Arab conquest was more a nationalist war of conquest rather than a holy war, although the religious aspect was not lacking". Michael Hart further says that Umar ibn Al-Khattab's achievements are impressive and it would be a grave mistake to ignore his contributions to humanity. It should be noted that Umar Ibn Al-Khattab's brilliant leadership was responsible for permanence of the territories that came under the Islamic role at that time and are still part of the Islamic world today.

Umar Ibn Al-Khattab is a pioneering figure in the Islamic world. He was a leader, a statesman, a pious and God conscious Muslim who showed respect for all individuals including non-Muslims and he ordered the Muslims to treat non-Muslims with respect. He showed us how to apply the Quranic injunction "there is no compulsion in religion."

Under the leadership of Umar ibn Al-Khattab Islam spread widely not by the sword but by virtue of its beauty, simplicity, transparency, openness and the leadership provided by him. Another reason for the rapid growth of Muslim community was the conversion of some high-placed religious personalities from among the Jewish and the Christian communities. These religious personalities saw Islam as a continuation and affirmation of the Abrahamic faith. Ardkun, the Bishop of Damascus, accepted Islam after the Islamic armies entered the city under Khalid bin Walid. The followers of Ardkun became attracted towards the new faith and became Muslim. The chief administrator of the city of Shata in Egypt, famous for its textiles manufacturing, left his town with two thousand men and went to city of Damietta where the Muslim army was camped and embraced Islam with his followers.

During the time of Umar ibn Al-Khattab, the non-Muslims enjoyed freedom of religion. They were free to perform their religious rites, ring bells to start their religious ceremonies, take out the Cross in procession and hold religious fairs. Even treaties were signed during the time of Umar ibn Al-Khattab with non-Muslims that guaranteed freedom of religion. The writ of Hudhaifa bin al-Yaman to people of the region of Mahdinar says, "They shall not be required to change their religion, nor shall any interference be made in their religious practices."

Umar ibn Al-Khattab followed the principle of equality very strictly and would not tolerate any kind of distinction. Once, Umar ibn Al-Khattab had a difference of opinion with Ubayy bin Ka'b. The matter was referred and brought in the court of Qazi Zaid bin Thabit. When Umar ibn Al-Khattab arrived at the court the Qazi, Zaid bin Thabit, vacated his seat out of respect for the Khalifah. Umar ibn Al-Khattab, after observing the situation, said that this was the first injustice Zaid has done to the suit. Then he sat down next to Ubayy, his opponent.

Umar ibn Al-Khattab always favored individual freedom and self-respect. By word of mouth and through his writings he made it very clear that every human being was born free and no one should have to abase himself in front of others. Once, the son of Amr bin As abused and beat up a Copt Christian; on hearing this Umar ibn Al-Khattab had son of Amr punished publicly by the hand of the victim Copt Christian. Then Umar ibn Al-Khattab addressed both father and son and said, "Since when have you turned men into slaves, whereas they are born free of their mothers?"

The people of many cultures who accepted Islam faced new challenges. More complex questions regarding the Islamic way of life cropped up at the same time. Many of the questions could not be answered because clear rulings of the Holy Prophet or the Holy Qur'an were not available. The Qadis and Muftis appointed in towns and cities were Companions of the Prophet, yet they referred complicated questions to the Khalifah. The famous Sahabis who referred the question to Umar Ibn Al-Khattab are Abdullah bin Ma'sud, Ammar bin Yasar, Abu Musa Ash'ari, Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah, Mughira bin Shuba and others. Umar ibn Al-Khattab gave his judgment after discussing these questions in the assembly of the companions. The discussions were conducted with the greatest freedom and acumen. Shah Wali-Ullah writes in Hujjatullah al-Baligha, "It was Umar's practice to consult the companions and hold discussions with them, until the veils were lifted and conviction was attained. For this reason Umar's dicta were accepted throughout the East and the West."

It is said that his writings, his letters and official instructions were as powerful as his speeches. In a letter to Abu Musa Ash'ari he wrote, "People generally hate their ruler, and I seek protection of Allah, if my people should entertain similar feelings about me. Avoid vain suspicions and keep away from malice, and don not encourage people of cherish vain hopes, and be careful of Allah's property, and guard yourself against evil men. If you find any people who are vindictively inclined towards the Muslim state, it is devilish inclination and must be put down by the sword, until they bow to Allah's decision and turn to better ways"

In another letter to Abu Musa Ash'ari he said, "The thing that strengthens one in execution of work and that one should not procrastinate; for if you do so, your affairs will heap up and overwhelm you and you will not then be able to decide what to do and what not to do, and you will fail in your work."

Umr Ibn Al-Khattab appointed Amr bin Al-As as the Governor of Egypt. Amr bin Al-As delayed remitting the revenue to the treasury. Umar ibn Al-Khattab wrote to him and reminded about the delay. Amr bin Al-As procrastinated. Umar ibn Al-Khattab sent him a strong letter, he wrote, "I understand that the thing that has kept you from replying is the fact that your subordinates are not good. They have made you a shield, and it is a disease for which I possess an effective remedy. I am surprised that I have written to you often and at length, but you neglected sending the revenue and have avoided giving straight answers. So Abu, Abdullah, don't worry. Due shall be taken from you and you shall pay them, for as the river yields pearls, so will you have to render the dues."

Umar ibn Al-Khattab used to end his speeches with following statement: "O God, let me not fall into an error, nor let me be called to account on unawares, nor let me fall into neglect."

Umar ibn Al-Khattab's actions speak louder about his character, his integrity and his love for the people in the Muslim state. He made rounds at night to gauge and evaluate the condition of the people. His achievements are reflection of his life.

Noursishing The Soul

I would like to remind myself, and, all my brothers in Islam, to remain steadfast in our Taqwa to Allah s.w.t. To remain steadfast in our Taqwa to Allah by doing all that He commands. To remain steadfast in our Taqwa to Allah by staying away from all that He forbids.

Blessed congregation of Muslims,


I would like to remind myself, and, all my brothers in Islam, to remain steadfast in our Taqwa to Allah s.w.t. To remain steadfast in our Taqwa to Allah by doing all that He commands. To remain steadfast in our Taqwa to Allah by staying away from all that He forbids.

As we strive and work hard to increase our wealth, let us not forget one thing in our lives. One thing that is so important. One thing that has so much importance. One thing that is eternal. That will be with us forever. What is this thing? It is our soul. Our whole being revolves around our soul. It was with us before we were born. With us when we are alive on this earth. And with us even after we die. It will be with us in the graves and with us when we meet Allah. Our soul is the seat of our iman. It is the throne of our taqwa. It is the stronghold of our faith. If our soul is strong and good, our whole personality will orientate towards goodness.

No matter how rich we are; no matter how healthy we are; if our soul is not strong; if our soul is not developed; if our soul is sick, we will still mirror a personality and behaviour that is rotten. No matter how famous a personality we are in this world, if our soul is dead, then there will be no place for us in Jannah, the Paradise ever eternal. Hence, our soul, the strength of our soul - These are crucial elements in our lives that we need to consciously develop. Indeed, our soul is far more important than our bodies.

Let us take an analogy my brothers. Clasp one hand. Crunch and clutch your hand in your palm as tightly as you can. Feel the strength and tension in your muscles. This is the strength that your body can offer. Now imagine that is your soul. Is your soul as strong as that clasp of your hand. Or is it like water that seeps through your fingers?

Everyday in our lives, we treat our bodies with lavish and care. Everyday, we lavish our bodies with clothes that are beautiful, soft and costly. We wash our bodies with soap so that it will be clean. We spray our bodies with perfume so that it will smell good. We exercise so that our bodies will be healthy. But. Do we do this to our soul? Have we nourished our soul? Do we bathe our souls so that it will be clean? Do we perfume our souls so that it will smell with the fragrance of purity. Or do we clothe our soul with coverings that are torn and spoilt? What indeed would be a clothing that is good for our soul? Listen to what Allah commands in surah Al-'Araf ayat 26 which says: Meaning: O children of Adam! Surely we have sent down to you clothes to cover your bodies and clothes that decorate and taqwa is surely the best of coverings. These are the signs of Allah that they may remember.

My dear brothers,

Taqwa is the best of clothing for our soul. Taqwa is the clothing that we should cover our souls with. And each member of our congregation is reminded to strengthen their Taqwa to Allah. Isn't it time now for us to give our all to be Taqwa to Allah?

My dear brothers,

most of us are dissatisfied with the wealth that we have. We want to experience a better life. We want to feel the comforts of life. We yearn to have it easy. We yearn to have more wealth. For wealth, it is said, is a key to a comfortable life. This is not against Islam. In fact, Islam wants its ummah to be an ummah that is strong. An ummah strong in all aspects of life - economic, physical, social and political. Everything. So seek wealth. Work for progress. Be a community that is wealthy not a community that is poor. Because. Poverty can lead a person astray. Poverty can lead a person to disobey and forget his Creator. Poverty can lead a person to become a kafir. The Messenger of Allah had said this in a hadith: Which means: Poverty can bring someone to a state of kufr.

But. At the same time. Whilst building our financial resources. Let us not forget our souls. Our soul needs to smell and feel the fragrance of Iman. It needs to be bathed with knowledge. It needs to be exercised with frequent good deeds to remain healthy. These three things: Iman, knowledge and good deeds. These are the three ammunition that is needed for a healthy soul. Iman, ilm and amal, these are the seeds of a clean, healthy and fragrant soul. They are strongly interlinked. A person's iman is not complete if he doesn't lace it with good deeds. And a person will not persevere in his good deeds if he doesn't feel the joy of doing good. And the joy of doing good comes when you have knowledge and conviction of its benefits.

Dear blessed Friday congregation,

A person's good deeds reflect the iman in his soul. A rotten behaviour or the lack of good deeds, is a reflection of the lack of iman in a person's soul. So. Someone who consistently does good deeds and displays a behaviour that is honourable, a high likelihood is that he also has an iman that is high. His soul is strong. It is filled with taqwa and iman and belief in Allah. Our iman can rise and fall. Our iman can increase and decrease. What then are the characteristics of someone with iman? Listen to Allah's commands in surah At-Taubah, ayat 112:

Which means: Those who like to repent, who are conscientious in doing good deeds, who praise Allah, who like to fast, who regularly bow and prostrate to Allah, who invite others to goodness and forbid disobedience, and those who observe Allah's laws. And so, give good news to those who are pious mukmins.

These are the characteristics of people who have iman in their souls. They frequently seek forgiveness from Allah. They frequently repent for all the sins they have committed. They engage in dzikir to remember Allah. They strive to fast for Allah. And they not only do the wajib fasts but also the sunnah fasts. They look forward to the time when they can do their solat. They fulfil amar ma'ruf nahi munkar. And they guard the laws of Allah. Let us measure ourselves. Do we measure up to these characteristics of a person with iman? How do we measure up to being a mukmin?

Dear blessed congregation of Muslims,

If you have enjoyed eating a certain food, you will surely want to eat it again and again. Likewise. A person who starts doing some good deeds will feel the joy of that good deed. When a person begins to feel the joy of his deeds and worship, he will always want to do these deeds and acts of worship. And my brothers, there is nothing in this world, nothing, that can give us the joy and peace equal to the joy and peace we get from our acts of worship to Allah. The joys of this world can quickly make us feel satiated. It can make us feel bored when we have the same thing day after day after day.

Imagine if you were to eat the same food day after day after day. No matter how much you first enjoyed it, after some time, you will get bored with it. Indeed you will lose your interest in it. You will lose the joy that you once found in it. That is how temporary the joys in this world are.

But, the joy of religious worship is a gift from Allah. A person who finds joy in his religious worship will never lose interest or feel bored with it. No matter how much he does it. Because Allah will bring us closer to him. The more we engage in religious worship to Allah, the closer He will bring us to Him. And the stronger we will feel for the worship that we have performed. The stronger is the joy that we feel for our ibadat and our good deeds. Rasulullah has once said that one of the signs in which a person's worship has been accepted by Allah is when he finds joy and a keenness to always perform that act of religious worship.

Let us reflect upon this for a while. What is the one deed? What is one act of religious worship that we truly love to do? That we simply look forward to doing? That we find true joy in doing? Is it our solat? Is it to fast? Is it to give in charity? Is it to read the Quran? Is it to study the laws of Allah? Is it to engage in dzikir? We must have one form of religious practice that we will consistently perform and which we enjoy doing. Indeed, it is the saddest thing to find if we do not even have 1 single deed that we enjoy doing. Not one single good deed for us to find joy in. It means that we have not been sincere in even in a single deed. It means that there is not one single deed that we have performed that has been accepted by Allah. Each of these deeds will be like specks of dust blown away into oblivion by the winds, wal 'iyadzubillah min dzalik.

My dear brothers in Islam,

Everyone has their own preference for the kinds of good deeds that they like to perform. Find one that fits you. Find one form of religious worship that you can be consistent in. And when you find it, nurture it. Strive hard to do it regularly. As an example, if you enjoy performing the witir prayers, then do it every night. Persevere and persist in doing this act of religious worship. Because, surely, an act of worship, no matter how small, but if consistently done, is better than an act of worship that is heavy and difficult to do but is only done once in a while. The Messenger of Allah had said in a hadith:

"The most favoured deeds by Allah is one that is consistent although small."

Baarakallah. .